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关键词： AC   alternating current   AI   Artificial Intelligence   AM   additive manufacturing   AMF   Additive Manufacturing File   AMS   Aerospace Materials Society   APSPP   Arc–Process–Structure–Property–Performance   ARA   Aerospace Research Association   ARM   Adjustable Ring Mode   ASME   American Society of Mechanical Engineers   ASTM   American Society for Testing and Materials   AWS   American Welding Society   BTF   buy-to-fly   CAD   Computer-Aided Design   CAM   Computer-aided manufacturing   CET   Columnar-To-Equiaxed Transition   CFD   Computational Fluid Dynamics   CMT   Cold Metal Transfer   CMT + P   Cold Metal Transfer with Pulsed arc   CNC   Computer Numerical Control   CNN   Convolutional Neural Network   CQ/OQ/PQ   Commissioning Qualification/Operational Qualification/ Performance Qualification   DC   direct current   DED   Direct Energy Deposition   DfAM   design for additive manufacturing   DIPP   Differentiable Integrated Prediction-Planning   DL   deep learning   DT   digital twin   EBPBF   Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion   ESA   European Space Agency   ESBD   Electron Backscatter Diffraction   FDM   fused deposition modeling   FEA   Finite Element Analysis   FEM   finite element modeling   FGM   functionally graded material   FSB   friction stir burnishing   GMAW   Gas Metal Arc Welding   GTAW   Gas Tungsten Arc Welding   HDR   high-dynamic-range   HEA   High-Entropy Alloy   HIP   Hot Isostatic Pressing   HSE   Health and Safety Executive   IHR   interlayer hot rolling   IP   intellectual property   ISO   International Organization for Standardization   ISS   International Space Station   JAXA   Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency   LN2   liquid nitrogen   LPBF   laser powder bed fusion   LSTM   long short-term memory   MAG   metal active gas   MAM   metal additive manufacturing   MIG   metal inert gas   ML   machine learning   MPMT   Multi-Purpose Maintenance Tool   NASA   National Aeronautics and Space Administration   NDE   non-destructive evaluation   ODM   on-demand manufacturing   PAW   Plasma Arc Welding   PBF   powder bed fusion   PDE   partial differential equation   PINN   Physics-Informed Neural Network   PPE   personal protective equipment   PPM   part per millions   Arc-Process-Structure-Properties-Performance   SAE   Society of Autom  

摘要： Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) has emerged as one of the most promising metal additive manufacturing (MAM) technologies for large-scale, high-deposition-rate fabrication. Despite rapid growth in research activity and industrial interest, the existing review literature remains fragmented, often focusing on isolated aspects such as materials, defects, or process parameters, and lacks a unified framework that connects fundamental mechanisms with process performance and industrial deployment. This review presents a comprehensive and critical synthesis of the current state and future trajectory of WAAM. It begins with a systematic meta-analysis of 67 review papers published over the past decade, establishing the context, limitations, and knowledge gaps in existing literature. The core of the paper is structured around a unified APSPP (Arc–Process–Structure–Property–Performance) framework, through which the fundamental physical mechanisms governing WAAM, including arc plasma behavior, droplet transfer, melt pool dynamics, heat transfer, and solidification, are analyzed and directly linked to microstructure evolution, defect formation, and part performance. Key scientific, technical, and economic challenges limiting WAAM adoption are identified and critically discussed, encompassing issues such as residual stress, anisotropy, porosity, geometric accuracy, process control, qualification, and cost competitiveness. Building on this analysis, the review synthesizes state-of-the-art mitigation strategies and emerging solutions, including advanced thermal management, hybrid heat sources, process modeling and simulation, post-processing, and system-level optimization. Finally, a forward-looking roadmap is proposed to guide the maturation of WAAM toward industrial readiness, highlighting strategic research directions and identifying the transition of WAAM into a fourth developmental stage (2021–2026) characterized by industrial digitalization and certification, fabrication

关键词： intra-coronary imaging   IVUS   OCT   coronary artery disease   percutaneous coronary intervention   CAD   coronary artery disease   EEL   external elastic lamina   EEM   external elastic membrane   FFR   fractional flow reserve   ICI   intracoronary imaging   IVUS   intravascular ultrasound   MACE   major adverse cardiac events   MINOCA   myocardial infraction in non-obstructive coronary artery disease   MLA   minimal luminal area   MSA   minimal stent area   NIRS   near infra-red spectroscopy   NSTEMI   non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction   NURD   non-uniform rotational distortion   OCT   optical coherence tomography   OFDI   optical Frequency Domain Imaging   PCI   percutaneous coronary intervention   PTCA   percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty   STEMI   st-segment elevation myocardial infarction   TLR   target lesion revascularization   TVR   target vessel revascularization  

摘要： Intracoronary imaging (ICI) is an important adjunct to invasive coronary angiography for the assessment of lesion morphology and guidance of percutaneous coronary intervention. Extensive data, including several randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses, support the use of ICI to improve clinical outcomes. Despite a modest increase in utilization, adoption remains limited, even in the setting of a robust evidence base and guideline recommendations. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of contemporary ICI modalities, including clinical indications, comparative advantages and limitations, and key supportive evidence. We also offer practical guidance on their use, procedural considerations, and address common pitfalls, as well as address the identification and clinical implications of high-risk “vulnerable” plaque features.

关键词： Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)   Edge AI   Explainable AI   Grad-CAM   Mobile health (mHealth)   Skin lesion classification   TensorFlow Lite  

摘要： Skin cancer remains one of the most prevalent and potentially fatal diseases worldwide, emphasizing the need for early and reliable detection. This paper presents an explainable and lightweight convolutional neural network (CNN) model for automatic skin-lesion classification using the HAM10000 dataset. Unlike previous studies that relied on cloud computing or focused on binary melanoma detection, the proposed framework performs real-time, multi-class lesion analysis entirely on-device. The CNN model was optimized through TensorFlow Lite to achieve efficient, privacy-preserving inference on mobile platforms.

关键词： 3DP   Three-dimensional printing   FDM   Fused deposition modeling   PLA   Polylactic acid   PVA   Polyvinyl alcohol   PETG   Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol-modified   CAD   Computer-aided design   DSC   Differential scanning calorimetry   Tg   Glass transition temperature   SEM   Scanning electron microscope   3D printed delivery systems   Fused deposition modeling (FDM)   Multicompartmental capsular devices   Capsules   Controlled release   Structural modulation   Drug release kinetics   Pulsatile release  

摘要： Fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing enables fabricating complex drug delivery devices with tailored geometries. This study explored structural modulation in FDM-printed multi-compartment devices (capsules and tablets) to achieve precise control over drug release kinetics, including pulsatile and near-zero-order release patterns, for personalized therapy.

关键词： Compression ratio   Hydrogen   Direct injection   CFR engine   Adj-R2   Adjusted Coefficient of Determination   aTDC   After Top Dead Center   ANOVA   Analysis of Variance   BBD   Box–Behnken Design   BTE   Brake Thermal Efficiency   CA   Crank Angle   CA50   Crank Angle at 50% Heat Release   CAD   Crank Angle Degree   CFR   Cooperative Fuel Research   COV   Coefficient of Variation   CR   Compression Ratio   DI   Direct Injection   FTIR   Fourier Transform Infrared   ICE   Internal Combustion Engine   IMEPn   Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (net)   ITE   Indicated Thermal Efficiency   λ (lambda)   Air–Fuel Equivalence Ratio (Excess Air Ratio)   MBT   Maximum Brake Torque   MHRR   Maximum Heat Release Rate   NOx   Nitrogen Oxides   PFI   Port Fuel Injection   Pred-R2   Predicted Coefficient of Determination   R2   Coefficient of Determination   RSM   Response Surface Methodology   SI   Spark Ignition   SOI   Start of Injection   TDC   Top Dead Center   THC   Total Hydrocarbon  

摘要：

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  Hydrogen direct injection was demonstrated in a Cooperative Fuel Research engine.
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  Lean hydrogen operation was mapped over a wide range of engine conditions.
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  The CFR side mounted spark plug port limited high compression performance.
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  Later injection timing improved efficiency by creating charge stratification.
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  Response surface models optimized efficiency, stability, and nitrogen oxides.

关键词： Digital forensics   Anthropometry   Computed tomography   Odontology   Skull-to-face   Reconstruction   Facial approximation   Age reversal  

摘要： This study presents a detailed protocol for reconstructing a realistic youthful face from the skull of an elderly individual, based on Computed Tomography (CT) scans. The methodology addresses critical age-related changes, including mandibular displacement, tooth loss, and the degradation of supporting bone structures. The soft tissue reconstruction adheres to current forensic anthropology standards, utilizing average soft tissue thickness measurements at key landmarks. These measurements are derived from statistical analyses of large datasets that consider factors like ethnicity, age, and Body Mass Index (BMI) to ensure accuracy. Computational workflow integrates open-source facial modeling software with advanced Computer-Aided Design (CAD) techniques typically used in prosthetic dentistry. This approach allows for the functional repositioning of the mandible and the digital reconstruction of missing dentoalveolar structures. The research relies on existing anthropometric databases, with additional soft tissue data sourced from the FACEBASE 3D database to fill any informational gaps. The effectiveness of this developed methodology was demonstrated through a case study: the forensic facial approximation of the youthful appearance of Blessed Giacomo Illirico of Bitetto, who died in 1496. This application served as a real-world test of the protocol's ability to scientifically reverse the effects of aging on facial structure, providing a scientifically grounded visualization of his younger self.

关键词： 3D reconstruction   3D–2D   Computed tomography (CT)   CT metrology   Differentiable rendering   Elastic registration   High-speed   Metrology   Non-destructive testing (NDT)   Nonrigid registration   Radial basis functions (RBFs)   Sparse-view   View optimization  

摘要： Computed tomography (CT) is a standard for high-precision metrology in industrial non-destructive testing (NDT), enabling sub-voxel reconstruction of internal geometries in complex aerospace and biomedical components. However, attaining such accuracy typically requires thousands of X-ray projections and long acquisition and reconstruction times, particularly for high-attenuation materials such as nickel alloys. This work presents a computationally efficient alternative to volumetric CT reconstruction based on projection-space 3D–2D elastic registration of a prior CAD model to sparse CT projections. The voxel-wise reconstruction and segmentation steps are replaced by a hierarchical surface deformation model that morphs a CAD mesh using multi-scale radial basis functions (RBFs) followed by constrained vertex-level refinement (texture fitting). A differentiable X-ray renderer based on soft rasterization simulates forward projections and provides analytical gradients of mutual-information and edge-based objectives for gradient-based optimization with stochastic batching and sub-image sampling. A geometry-driven view-optimization heuristic further improves sparse-view performance using only the rigidly registered CAD input. Across representative industrial datasets, measurement accuracy is equivalent to CT reconstruction and segmentation using filtered back projection while using only 12–20 projections. Wall thickness measurements relative to microCT segmentation (filtered back projection) deviate by less than 1 voxel for simple parts, though both methods measure thickness within one voxel compared to coordinate-measuring-machine (CMM) measurements. For complex industrial components such as a turbine blade, mean wall thickness deviation is $\sim$1 voxel vs. conventional microCT segmentation. The proposed framework reduces image acquisition time to as little as 22 s with total processing time less than five minutes (a h

关键词： Chronic coronary artery disease   Positron emission tomography   Coronary flow reserve   Coronary flow capacity   Lifestyle modification   Optimal medical therapy   Coronary revascularization   The CENTURY trial  

摘要： Randomized trials in chronic coronary artery disease (CAD) tested single interventions of lifestyle, medical treatment, or revascularization. The randomized CENTURY trial tested a comprehensive strategy integrating intense lifestyle modification, medical treatment and revascularization reserved for severely reduced coronary flow capacity (CFC) by positron emission tomography (PET), for reducing death, myocardial infarction and revascularization compared with referring-cardiologist-directed standard community care.

关键词： Quasi-zero stiffness   Vibration isolation   Piezoelectric energy harvesting   Cam structure   Negative Poisson’s ratio  

摘要：

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  A spatial cam QZS structure is proposed to achieve isolation and energy harvesting.
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  The structure has two QZS regions.
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  The influence of electromechanical parameters on dual-function systems are discussed.
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  A negative Poisson’s ratio method can improve energy harvesting performance.
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  Experiments verified the low-frequency isolation and energy harvesting under multiple loads.

关键词： Structural design   Automation   Pattern recognition   BIM   Model Context Protocol   Construction 4.0   LLM integration  

摘要：

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  MCP-based architecture enables natural language control of CAD and structural analysis software across platforms.
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  Pattern learning transformation for CAD-to-structural analysis interoperability.
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  End-to-end automation and time reduction of structural design and analysis.