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关键词： Design   visual gestalt   experiment-based design   cognitive load   electroencephalography  

摘要： This study investigates the neural correlates of visual perception elicited by fundamental geometric forms in 3D-CAD models, focusing on curved versus edged configurations. Sixty participants were exposed to controlled 3D visual stimuli while EEG recordings captured brainwave activity across alpha, beta, delta, and theta bands. Results revealed significant modulation in the beta band, with edged designs eliciting higher attentional engagement than curved forms (p < 0.001), whereas delta, theta, and alpha bands showed no substantial differences. These findings suggest that geometric properties (sharpness vs continuity) influence cognitive processing, aligning with Gestalt principles of perceptual organization. The study highlights how simple geometric variations can impact mental effort, attention, and perceptual fluency, offering actionable insights for designers seeking to optimize visual composition. By bridging design theory and neurocognitive evidence, this research advances understanding of how basic visual structures shape user cognition and provides a foundation for integrating brain-based metrics into human-centered design.

关键词： zirconia   cold plasma   sandblasting   femtosecond laser   thermal aging   resin cement   bond strength  

摘要： This study aimed to evaluate the individual and combined effects of mechanical, plasma-based, and laser-based surface treatments, along with short- and long-term thermal aging, on the surface morphology, surface energy, and resin cement bond strength of CAD/CAM monolithic zirconia. Significant numerical differences were observed among the treatment groups. Surface roughness increased from 0.22 & micro;m (control) to 0.98 & micro;m after sandblasting, 1.12 & micro;m after sandblasting + plasma, and 1.07 & micro;m after laser treatment, while plasma alone produced a moderate increase (0.31 & micro;m). Wettability improved most notably in the plasma group, where the contact angle decreased to 43.27 degrees compared with 67.00 degrees in the control. The highest shear bond strength after 5000 thermal cycles was recorded in the sandblasting + plasma group (14.80 +/- 1.53 MPa), whereas laser treatment demonstrated the best long-term stability, showing no significant decrease after 10,000 cycles (12.48 -> 12.02 MPa). From a practical perspective, these findings indicate that sandblasting followed by plasma treatment provides high initial bond strength, making it suitable for clinical situations requiring strong immediate adhesion of zirconia restorations. Conversely, femtosecond laser treatment offers superior resistance to aging-related degradation, suggesting its potential value in cases where long-term durability is critical, such as high-stress posterior restorations or patients with parafunctional habits.

关键词： digital dentistry   process mining   CAD   CAM   iteration   dental laboratory   custom abutment  

摘要： Digitalization has reshaped dental laboratory processes through digital tools and artefacts supporting clinician-laboratory collaboration;however, repeated iterations still increase coordination effort and extend delivery times. This study examined how the custom abutment process was executed in a dental laboratory and identified where and why iterations occurred during computer-aided design (CAD) modelling, design verification, and manufacturing preparation. Ten completed orders were selected, and their event log information was analyzed using process mining in Disco, complemented by contextual inquiry with domain practitioners. The analysis reconstructed observed execution from order initiation to delivery and derived a reference representation summarizing the most frequently observed ordering of actions. Across the ten orders analyzed, nine exhibited at least one iteration. Iterations were most frequently observed as returns between CAD modelling and design verification and occurred in four orders, while rescanning occurred in two orders due to insufficient or incompatible initial scan information. Contextual inquiry linked repeated action sequences to changes in digital artefacts and communication exchanges, indicating that iterations were associated with incomplete information or differences in interpretation across roles. The findings show that combining process mining with contextual inquiry enables the identification of iterations and clarifies the conditions under which they emerge.

关键词： fibula free flap   CAD/CAM   mandibular reconstruction   virtual surgical planning   perioperative efficiency   cost analysis   value-based surgery  

摘要： Background: Computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology has been increasingly adopted for mandibular and maxillary reconstruction using fibula free flaps. However, its clinical and economic advantages over the conventional freehand technique remain debated. The objective of this study was to compare perioperative outcomes and institutional costs between CAD/CAM-guided and conventional freehand fibula flap reconstructions. Methods: An ambispective observational study was conducted including patients who underwent mandibular or maxillary reconstruction with an osteocutaneous free fibula flap between 2017 and 2024. Reconstructions were performed either using CAD/CAM-guided virtual surgical planning or the conventional freehand technique. Demographic data, perioperative variables, postoperative outcomes, oncologic margin status, transfusion requirements, and total institutional costs were analyzed. Univariate comparisons were performed between groups, and multivariate linear regression models were used to assess the independent association of CAD/CAM guidance with operative time and hospital length of stay. Results: Fifty-one patients were included (25 CAD/CAM-guided and 26 freehand). CAD/CAM-guided reconstruction was associated with a significantly shorter operative time (542.3 +/- 65.8 vs. 604.9 +/- 79.5 min;p = 0.0036) and a shorter overall hospital stay (19.6 +/- 7.2 vs. 30.6 +/- 26.2 days;p = 0.047) in univariate analysis. The need for perioperative blood transfusion was significantly lower in the CAD/CAM group. No significant differences were observed in ICU stay, flap failure, reintervention rate, or postoperative hemoglobin decrease. Although margin status did not differ significantly between groups, a higher proportion of negative margins was observed in the CAD/CAM cohort. In multivariate analysis adjusting for age and perioperative variables, CAD/CAM guidance remained independently associated with reduced operative time, but not with hospital

关键词： Model-based definition   Model-based enterprise   3D model   CAD   Digital thread   Digital manufacturing  

摘要： The digitalization of manufacturing processes has been largely driven by the evolution of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software over the past half-century, transitioning from 2D, paper-based drawings to 3D, model-centric environments. Central to this transformation is the concept of the digital thread, which facilitates interconnected and seamless information flows across the product lifecycle. Realizing this vision from an operational perspective requires a robust information carrier capable of storing and transmitting essential information through a consistent data structure. Model-Based Definition (MBD) addresses this need by embedding semantic information directly into 3D CAD models, thereby supporting streamlined information exchange and aiming to replace traditional 2D documentation in Model-Based Enterprise (MBE) environments. Given the prominence and transformative potential of MBD, this study presents a systematic literature review covering two decades of fragmented research across diverse manufacturing processes and domains, offering a structured reference to unify prior efforts and support future implementation. The analysis of 132 systematically selected high-quality references from Scopus, Web of Science, leading software vendors, and national and international standards provides a comprehensive and up-to-date synthesis. By consolidating key findings, this review offers a state-of-the-art overview and outlines a roadmap for adoption in modern intelligent manufacturing systems. Particular attention is given to unmapped areas, establishing a foundation for future research and standardization efforts and highlighting MBD's potential role in strengthening the digital thread across sectors, organizational scales, and geographic regions.

关键词： Grad-CAM   Explainable AI   Breast cancer   Thermography   Feature selection  

摘要： Dynamic Infrared Thermography (DIT) captures a sequence of thermal images after applying a stimulus to analyze vascular responses, offering greater sensitivity than static methods. However, its clinical application remains limited. To address this, Deep Learning (DL) models have gained attention for extracting spatial and temporal patterns automatically. In this study, we propose an explainable deep temporal modeling framework based on recurrent neural networks (RNN, LSTM, GRU) trained on dynamic thermal imaging (DTI) sequences composed of 20-frame series per patient. The architecture integrates a convolutional neural network (CNN) backbone for feature extraction, followed by Grad-CAM for interpretability, allowing the identification of regions contributing most to the classification decision. Feature selection was performed using both statistical methods (based on temporal variance) and wrapper-based optimization techniques, including genetic algorithms (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and simulated annealing (SA). These subsets were used as input to the recurrent classification models. Model evaluation was performed using repeated five-fold cross-validation. All configurations achieved high classification performance, with accuracy ranging from 94% to 97%, sensitivity from 95% to 98%, and specificity from 93% to 96%. Filtering reduced dimensionality while preserving accuracy, whereas wrapper methods further boosted performance, with RNN-GA reaching 97.03% +/- 0.38%. RNN models consistently outperformed LSTM and GRU variants across all subsets. The main strength of this framework lies in the integration of Grad-CAM-based feature attribution, handcrafted temporal descriptors, and deep sequence modeling, thus enhancing explainability for clinical decision-making. However, a key limitation remains the restricted dataset size.

关键词： 3D printing   Bone cement   Antibiotics   Porogen   CAD   Infection management   Customized drug delivery   Osteomyelitis   Prosthetic joint infection  

摘要： IntroductionPolymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) antibiotic beads are widely used in orthopedic surgery for localized infection control, but inconsistent drug elution can limit efficacy. Three-dimensional (3D) printing offers a way to create implants with controlled architectures, enabling more predictable and customizable drug release. This study explores the use of internal structural variation to influence the elution profiles of vancomycin and tetracycline and assess their antibacterial *** specimens were 3D printed using a commercial resin mixed with 2% vancomycin or tetracycline. To evaluate the effects of composition and structure, additives such as sodium chloride (NaCl) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were included, and four internal architectures-solid, hollow, large honeycomb, and small honeycomb-were tested. Elution was assessed over 7 days, and antibacterial activity was tested against S. epidermidis and E. coli using agar *** exhibited greater cumulative release than vancomycin, likely due to solubility and molecular weight differences. Honeycomb structures, especially the smaller variant, produced the most sustained and consistent elution profiles. NaCl decreased vancomycin but increased tetracycline release, while PVP enhanced release for both. All formulations showed antibacterial ***3D printing enables the design of antibiotic-eluting implants with tailored release profiles. The honeycomb architecture is especially promising for sustained delivery. Further in vivo studies are needed to confirm clinical relevance and optimize formulations for orthopedic use.

关键词： 吉富罗非鱼(GIFT Oreochromis niloticus)   生物絮团   循环清水   鳃组织   RNA-seq转录组学  

摘要： 为更全面地了解生物絮团(Biofloc technology,BFT)与循环清水(Recirculating clear-water systems,CW)养殖模式的特征,并推动集约化养殖技术的优化与应用,本研究探讨了吉富罗非鱼(GIFT Oreochromis niloticus)鳃组织在两种养殖环境下的适应特征。将初始体质量为(11.61±0.31)g的吉富罗非鱼对比饲养于BFT与CW系统中,为期60d。实验结束时,BFT组的生物絮团浓度(以总悬浮固体浓度衡量,Total suspended solids,TSS)超过1400 mg/L,而CW组的TSS始终低于60 mg/L。养殖后期,BFT组的溶解氧与碱度消耗加剧,而CW的氨氮与亚硝氮维持在较高水平(>1.00 mg/L)。两组鱼的终体重、特定生长率与饲料系数差异均不显著(P > 0.05)。组织学观察显示,两组鱼鳃均出见鳃丝溶解与上皮增生,黏液细胞数量无显著差异(P > 0.05)。转录组结果显示,BFT组鳃组织发生以能量与膜脂合成、上皮骨架加固及“糖胺聚糖-黏液屏障”协同为核心的代谢重编程与结构强化,并伴随以谷胱甘肽为中心的相对增强的Ⅱ相解毒与抗氧化缓冲;相对地,CW表现为细胞色素P450相关氧化代谢更活跃、碳酸酐酶介导的CO2-HCO3-转换与跨膜酸碱调节强化,以及CH-OH基团氧化还原酶与氨基酸氧化途径的增强。在两种养殖环境下,吉富罗非鱼的生长性能未呈现差异,而在分子层面,BFT组鳃组织偏向合成与屏障维护为主,而CW组则以氧化解毒和稳态维持为主的适应策略。因此,为减少鳃组织损伤,在系统优化方面,BFT系统需强化后期TSS管理,而CW系统应注重细颗粒物与有害含氮化合物的高效去除,从而缓解鳃组织所面临的慢性胁迫,提升养殖健康与效益。

关键词： deep learning   diabetic retinopathy   fundus imaging   Grad-CAM   image classification  

摘要： Introduction Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision impairment among individuals with diabetes. Early detection and accurate grading are essential for timely clinical management. However, developing robust models for automated interpretation and grading of fundus images remains challenging due to variability in lesion appearance and image *** This study proposes a deep learning framework for DR classification from fundus images based on a DenseNet121 backbone initialized with CheXNet weights. A Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) is integrated to enhance feature representation through channel and spatial attention mechanisms in a data-driven manner. In addition, Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) is employed to provide post hoc visual explanations of model predictions. The proposed CheXNet_CBAM model is evaluated against several convolutional neural network architectures, including CheXNet, DenseNet121, MobileNetV2, VGG19, and ResNet50, using the APTOS 2019 and DDR *** On the APTOS 2019 dataset, the proposed model achieves an accuracy of 96.12%, while on the DDR dataset it attains 96.33%, outperforming the compared architectures on both *** The results indicate that incorporating CBAM improves discriminative feature learning within a DenseNet121-based framework. While the model demonstrates strong performance across two public datasets, further prospective evaluation and external validation are required to assess its clinical applicability in real-world settings.

关键词： Mandibular reconstruction, Computer-Aided Design   Computer-Aided Manufacturing   Prosthesis   Accuracy assessment, Validation  

摘要： The lack of a standardized methodology complicates accuracy assessment in computer-assisted mandibular reconstruction. Existing landmark-based methods are susceptible to operator variability, while surface-based comparisons can mask local deviations. This study validates a novel, automated protocol, the Global Positioning Layout (GPL), to quantify the 3D discrepancy between the virtual surgical plan and the postoperative outcome, by comparing its performance and reliability against Methods A and B. A retrospective cohort of 17 patients was analysed, with three operators performing all measurements on two occasions. The GPL method demonstrated complete reproducibility, with no inter- or intra-operator variability, providing a detailed, spatially-oriented assessment of deviations. In contrast, the landmark-based method showed poor reproducibility and systematic bias and was often inapplicable due to the absence of landmarks after resection. The surface-based method, while objective for its mean error metric, was operator-dependent for initial alignment and its non-directional output masked significant localized deviations. This study validates GPL as a robust and fully reproducible tool that overcomes the critical limitations of established techniques. The GPL method provides a strong foundation for a standardized protocol, essential for the reliable comparison of surgical outcomes, refinement of surgical techniques, and improvement of long-term patient outcomes.