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关键词： caffeoyl-coenzyme A 3-O-methyltransferase   cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase   expression pattern analysis   soybean   P. manshurica infection  

摘要： Background: Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and caffeoyl-coenzyme A 3-O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) are key enzymes in lignin biosynthesis, playing important roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. However, the evolutionary relationships and functions of these two gene families in soybean remain poorly understood. Methods: In this study, a genome-wide identification of the CAD and CCoAOMT gene families in soybean was conducted to analyze their physicochemical properties, gene structures, conserved motifs, and chromosomal distributions. Their phylogenetic relationships, collinearity, promoter cis-elements, miRNA targeting, protein interaction networks, and tissue-specific expression patterns were investigated. The expression profiles under P. manshurica infection were validated using qRT-PCR. Results: A total of 41 GmCAD and 13 GmCCoAOMT genes were identified in the soybean genome. GmCAD proteins are predominantly hydrophobic and stable, while GmCCoAOMT proteins are mainly hydrophilic;both are localized in the cytoplasm. GmCAD genes are classified into three subgroups containing eight conserved motifs, whereas GmCCoAOMT genes fall into four subgroups with seven motifs. Members within the same subgroup exhibit highly similar gene structures and motif compositions. Promoter analysis revealed core elements (CAAT-box, TATA-box) along with light-, hormone-, and stress-responsive cis-elements. A total of 161 miRNAs were predicted to target 13 GmCAD genes and 39 miRNAs to target 13 GmCCoAOMT genes, mostly in a one-miRNA-one-target manner. Extensive protein-protein interactions were observed among GmCAD proteins, but none among GmCCoAOMT proteins or between the two families. All genes underwent purifying selection (Ka/Ks < 1) and showed closer evolutionary relationships with Arabidopsis than with rice. Both gene families exhibited distinct tissue-specific expression patterns. Based on expression profiling, GmCAD14, GmCAD26, GmCAD28, GmCAD36, GmCCoAOMT1

关键词： CAD   Cardiovascular disease   Cerebrovascular accident   Duration of diabetes   Heart failure   PAD  

摘要： Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is strongly associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study aimed to examine the association between diabetes duration and major cardiovascular outcomes, including coronary artery disease (CAD), congestive heart failure (CHF), cerebrovascular accident (CVA), and peripheral arterial disease (PAD), among Thai adults with T2DM using nationwide data from 2018. This cross-sectional study utilized data from the “Assessment in Quality of Care among Patients Receiving a Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension Visiting the Ministry of Public Health and Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Hospital” database in Thailand. Adult patients aged ≥ 18 years with T2DM were included, and those without documented diabetes duration were excluded. Diabetes duration was stratified into four groups: <5 years, 5–9 years, 10–14 years, and ≥ 15 years. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between diabetes duration and cardiovascular outcomes after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and glycemic control. Among 34,131 participants, the overall prevalence of CAD, CHF, CVA, and PAD was 1.9%, 0.8%, 1.5%, and 0.3%, respectively. Compared with a diabetes duration of < 5 years, a duration of ≥ 15 years was associated with higher odds of CAD (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.38–2.34), CHF (AOR 2.34, 95% CI 1.60–3.44), and PAD (AOR 6.47, 95% CI 3.09–13.58), whereas no significant association was observed for CVA. These findings suggest a cross-sectional association between longer diabetes duration and a higher prevalence of certain cardiovascular diseases, particularly CAD, CHF, and PAD, among adults with T2DM. Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm causality and to guide clinical interventions targeting cardiovascular risk in this population.

关键词： 5G   CAM   C-ITS   DENM   DSRC   LTE-V2X   NR-V2X   smart city  

摘要： This paper presents the field deployment and performance evaluation of a New Radio Vehicle-to-Everything (NR-V2X) Cooperative Intelligent Transportation System (C-ITS) test corridor over a 5G stand-alone (SA) private network, implemented on a 40 km highway in Istanbul, Turkey. The deployment integrates 19 dual-sector gNBs, commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) core network components, and an O-RAN-compatible Rel. 17 architecture and evaluates six ETSI-compliant C-ITS scenarios under a systematic 3 & times;3 experimental matrix spanning three vehicle speeds and three traffic density categories. Key quantitative findings include the following i) 98.9% of the corridor achieves the target RSRP of -110 dBm, confirming coverage viability;(ii) five of the six scenarios satisfy ETSI end-to-end latency requirements across all tested conditions, with the packet delivery ratio remaining above 94% throughout;and (iii) the Emergency Vehicle Approaching (EVA) scenario meets its stringent 20 ms latency requirement exclusively under free-flow conditions (mu = 14.7 ms) and progressively exceeds it under medium- and high-density traffic (mu = 26.6 ms and mu = 40.1 ms, respectively). These results provide quantitative evidence that MEC integration is a necessary architectural complement to the 5G SA private network for ultra-low-latency safety services and establish a reproducible reference architecture for public highway C-ITS deployments.

关键词： Trapped ions  

摘要： Complex optical design is hindered by con-ventional piecewise setup, which prevents modularization and therefore abstraction of subsystems at the circuit level. This lim-its multiple fields that require complex optics systems, including quantum computing with atoms and trapped ions, because their opti-cal systems are not scalable. We present an open-source Python library for optical layout (PyOpticL) which uses beam-path simulation and dynamic beam-path routing for quick and easy optical layout by placing optical elements along the beam path without a priori specifi-cation, enabling adaptive, path-based layouts with automatic routing and connectivity. We use PyOpticL to create modular 'drop-in' opti-cal baseplates for common optical subsystems used in atomic and molecular optics (AMO) experiments including laser sources, frequency and intensity modulation, and locking to an atomic reference for stabilization. We demon-strate this minimal working example of a dy-namic full laser system for strontium trapped ions by using it for laser cooling, qubit state detection, and over 99% fidelity single-qubit gates with 3D printed baseplates. This enables a new paradigm of design abstraction layers for engineering optical systems leveraging modu-lar baseplates, as they can be used for any wavelength in the system and enables scaling up the underlying optical systems for quan-tum computers. This new open-source hard-ware and software code-to-CAD library seeks to foster open-source collaborative hardware and systems design across numerous fields of research including AMO physics and quantum computing with neutral atoms and trapped ions.

关键词： Dental impression   Custom tray   Stock tray   Impression materials   Additive manufacturing  

摘要： In this in vitro study, a CAD-based test workflow was established to evaluate the dimensional accuracy of conventional dental impression materials under standardized laboratory conditions. Ninety double-mix impressions were made from a rigid metal reference arch with four reference spheres using three elastomeric materials: vinyl polysiloxane (VPS polyether (PE and vinyl siloxanether (VSE). Guided impressions and freehand impressions were performed with both stock and custom trays. Impressions were cast in type IV dental stone, digitized with a laboratory scanner, and analyzed by comparing four linear inter-sphere distances with the reference model. Non-parametric statistics were applied. VPS and PE showed significantly lower global deviations than VSE, while VPS and PE did not differ significantly from each other. No significant differences were found between guided and freehand impressions when using stock trays. In the freehand-only comparison, stock and custom trays did not differ significantly;a borderline difference in the full cohort should be interpreted cautiously because of the partially crossed design. All measured deviations remained below the 1.5% linear-change threshold specified in DIN EN ISO 4823. This is the German adoption of a European and international standard for dentistry, specifically elastomeric impression materials. Within the limitations of this in vitro stone-cast workflow and linear-distance analysis, material selection had the strongest effect on global dimensional accuracy.

关键词： Snow mechanics   Modified Cam-Clay   Finite strain plasticity   Damage   Healing   Snow traction  

摘要： Reliable prediction of mechanical interactions with hard-packed snow requires constitutive models that capture coupled plasticity, damage, healing, and large deformation. Current constitutive formulations for snow typically neglect either damage-induced degradation or stiffness recovery (healing particularly under finite-strain conditions relevant to high-speed interactions such as tire-snow contact. While continuum damage-healing models exist for materials such as concrete, asphalt, and polymers, their direct application to snow is hindered by snow's distinct rapid mechanical degradation and healing behaviour. In this contribution, a finite-strain constitutive model is proposed for hard-packed snow, incorporating both damage and healing effects. The elastic response is described by a Neo-Hookean constitutive law, while plastic deformation is governed by a cohesive extension of Modified Cam-Clay plasticity augmented with exponential hardening. Damage evolution is driven by deviatoric plastic deformation, whereas healing is activated by compressive volumetric plastic deformation. The finite element method (FEM) is used, and mesh objectivity is maintained through a non-local regularization approach. Model parameters are calibrated using numerical triaxial and uniaxial tests. Predictive capability is demonstrated through a blade-cutting simulation using a B-spline material point method (MPM) combined with a level-set contact algorithm. The proposed model successfully captures the interplay between shear-induced damage and compression-induced healing, providing a consistent framework for predictive assessment and optimization of winter tire performance.

关键词： Snow mechanics   Modified Cam-Clay   Finite strain plasticity   Damage   Healing   Snow traction  

摘要： Reliable prediction of mechanical interactions with hard-packed snow requires constitutive models that capture coupled plasticity, damage, healing, and large deformation. Current constitutive formulations for snow typically neglect either damage-induced degradation or stiffness recovery (healing), particularly under finite-strain conditions relevant to high-speed interactions such as tire-snow contact. While continuum damage-healing models exist for materials such as concrete, asphalt, and polymers, their direct application to snow is hindered by snow’s distinct rapid mechanical degradation and healing behaviour. In this contribution, a finite-strain constitutive model is proposed for hard-packed snow, incorporating both damage and healing effects. The elastic response is described by a Neo-Hookean constitutive law, while plastic deformation is governed by a cohesive extension of Modified Cam-Clay plasticity augmented with exponential hardening. Damage evolution is driven by deviatoric plastic deformation, whereas healing is activated by compressive volumetric plastic deformation. The finite element method (FEM) is used, and mesh objectivity is maintained through a non-local regularization approach. Model parameters are calibrated using numerical triaxial and uniaxial tests. Predictive capability is demonstrated through a blade-cutting simulation using a B-spline material point method (MPM) combined with a level-set contact algorithm. The proposed model successfully captures the interplay between shear-induced damage and compression-induced healing, providing a consistent framework for predictive assessment and optimization of winter tire performance.

关键词： Distribution timing   Leakage failure   Tolerance stack-up   Valve distribution system  

摘要： Low-speed high-torque water hydraulic motor (LHTWHM) is a key actuator in water hydraulic systems, and leakage in the distribution system can markedly degrade overall motor performance. Experiments and numerical simulations were combined to clarify the leakage failure mechanism in a cam-driven valve distribution system, where the root cause arises from the disorder of distribution timing at the system level. First, the sealing performance of all distribution valves was experimentally examined. Next, the distribution timing of the valve distribution system was analyzed, and the influence of tolerance stack-up along the dimensional chain under permissible manufacturing tolerances was analyzed. The results indicate that tolerance stack-up along the dimensional chain can disrupt the intended distribution timing, thereby creating unintended communication between the high-pressure inlet and the low-pressure outlet within the distribution valve and ultimately causing internal leakage failure. At a residual valve opening of 0.06 mm and a working pressure of 2.7 MPa, the leakage flow rate is approximately 1.22 L/min. The leakage flow rate exhibits an approximately linear increase with the investigated small opening range. A tolerance stack-up along the dimensional chain on the order of tens of micrometers is sufficient to trigger severe internal leakage, whereas targeted dimensional correction of the tappet within the assembly dimensional chain can effectively mitigate this leakage. Furthermore, prior to assembly, residual valve opening can be estimated by integrating machining accuracy inspection with an evaluation of tolerance stack-up along the dimensional chain, providing an actionable route for preventing and rectify this leakage failure mode.

关键词： 3D printing   dental materials   laboratory technique   flexural strength   fatigue resistance   CAD/CAM milled bases   after artificial aging   chewing simulation  

摘要： To investigate the effect of print orientation (0 degrees, 45 degrees, and 90 degrees) and artificial aging on flexural strength and fatigue resistance of 3D-printed denture bases compared to CAD/CAM milled controls, we fabricated 320 maxillary complete dentures, divided into 8 groups based on the fabrication method: horizontal, oblique, and vertical printing, alongside milled controls. Half of the specimens in each group were pre-conditioned via thermocycling and 240,000 cycles of chewing simulation. All specimens underwent static flexural strength testing and cyclic fatigue testing, followed by SEM fractography. The CAD/CAM milled bases demonstrated the highest mechanical durability, with non-aged specimens peaking at 149.43 +/- 5.35 MPa. The horizontally 3D-printed non-aged specimens yielded the highest flexural strength (101.14 +/- 4.80 MPa while vertically printed aged specimens recorded the lowest (70.35 +/- 8.18 MPa). Artificial aging degraded flexural strength uniformly across all orientations. Conversely, cyclic loading disproportionately devastated the older people's vertical group, resulting in a 70% fracture rate. Fractography corroborated these findings, revealing severe interlaminar delamination in vertical builds, contrasting with cohesive, trans-layer fractures in horizontal prints. In conclusion, Horizontal orientation provided improved structural durability;however, CAD/CAM milled dentures remain superior and are recommended for long-term clinical applications.

关键词： Accuracy analysis   CAD-CAM   Custom post-and-core   Dental impression technique   Digital scanning   Distortion  

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