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关键词： Brain-gut-taste axis   Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)   Sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT-1)  

摘要： The global pandemic of metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, underscores an urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies. Emerging evidence has established the intestine as a central player in nutrient sensing and systemic metabolic regulation. This review systematically delineates the critical role of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT-1) in metabolic control and elaborates on the molecular mechanisms through which glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) modulates metabolic homeostasis via the brain-gut-taste axis. By reviewing and integrating recent evidence, we propose a novel paradigm wherein GLP-1, through the modulation of intestinal SGLT-1 signaling, influences taste perception and food preferences, thereby orchestrating systemic metabolic outcomes. This mechanism provides a compelling rationale for developing therapies that would target the gut-brain axis, representing a potential breakthrough in managing metabolic disorders. Finally, we outline current limitations and future challenges in translating these insights into clinical practice, to propose a framework for guiding research in this promising field.

关键词： Dehydroaromatization   Lewis acid-mediated   Polycyclic heterocycles   [4+2] Cycloaddition  

摘要： Polycyclic heterocycles are prevalent in medicines, functional materials and natural products, making their synthesis a significant focus in modern organic chemistry. Herein, we present a Lewis acid-mediated cascade annulation of 1,6-enynols with o-aminobenzonitriles for the chemoselective synthesis of oxepino[3,4,5-de][1,6]naphthyridine and chromeno[2,3,4-de][1,6]naphthyridine derivatives. This reaction design enables selective control over the carbon-heteroatom and carbon-carbon bond formation in an efficient, atom-economical manner, allowing the one-step synthesis of rare [6-6-7] and [6-6-6] core polycyclic heterocycles containing three heteroatoms. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and control experiments reveal that the reaction’s high selectivity is achieved by modulating the reactivity of electron-rich alkenyl groups in the enynols, which selectively directs the intramolecular dehydroaromatization and cyclization processes.

关键词： Type 1 diabetes mellitus   Quality of life   Exercise capacity   Physical activity  

摘要： Hyperglycemia in Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) leads to endothelial and vascular dysfunction, affecting various bodily functions, including psychological well-being, exercise capacity, and pulmonary function. This study investigates the impact of T1DM on quality of life, physical activity, exercise capacity, chronotropic response, pulmonary function, muscle strength, endurance, fatigue, and dyspnea.

关键词： Ammonia (NH3)   Bubbling Fluidised Bed (BFB)   NH3 Dissociation   NH3 Oxidation   Nitrogen Oxides   NO Reduction  

摘要： This study investigates ammonia (NH₃) oxidation behaviour and NO_x emission in a laboratory-scale bubbling fluidised bed (BFB) reactor, focusing on the effect of operating conditions, namely, fluidisation number (FN, 0.5–1.9), static bed depth (BD, 0–63 mm), temperature (750–1050 °C) and equivalence ratio (Φ, 0.65–1.15). NH₃ conversion was determined from the measured concentrations of N₂, O₂, NH₃(g) and H₂ in the flue gas, while NO_x and N₂O emissions were evaluated by measuring the NO, NO₂ and N₂O concentrations. The observed trends in NH₃ conversion underscore the strong influence of gas–solid contact and gas residence time. Compared to the empty bed, adding a BD of 21 mm quartz particles as bed materials enhanced NH₃ conversion by 2.96 %–4.95 % when FN = 1.0. A greater BD of 63 mm further promoted NH₃ conversion. In contrast, NH₃ conversion increased initially with increasing FN, reached to a plateau at the incipient fluidisation (FN = 1.0), but decreased afterwards with a further increasing in FN to 1.9. Moreover, NH₃ conversion was found to be promoted significantly by increasing temperature and decreasing Φ, achieving a near-complete conversion at 1050°C and Φ = 0.65. As for NO_x emissions, while NO₂ was not found under all experimental conditions, NO dominated at 750 °C (510 ppm, empty bed), and was effectively eliminated via selective non-catalytic reduction at 850–950 °C, but rebounding at 1050 °C (273 ppm) due to thermal NO formation. With fluidised quartz, NO emissions reduced significantly to 10–20 ppm, which was 10 times lower than the empty bed conditions. While fuel-lean conditions promoted NO formation, fuel-rich conditions (Φ

关键词： Acetylcholine   Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide   Inflammation   Macrophage Phenotype   Noradrenaline   TRPV1  

摘要： The spleen plays a crucial role during inflammation through its resident macrophages, which may be influenced by modulations in neurochemical levels inside the spleen. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) was reported to modulate the immune responses; however, its role in the spleen remains to be elucidated. We aimed to explore whether TRPV1 influences splenic-derived macrophage phenotypes through alterations in neurochemical levels (Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP), acetylcholine & noradrenaline), and modulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

关键词： Nano hydroxyapatite   Micro-/nano-structured bioceramics   Osteogenesis polarity   Osteoporotic bone regeneration   Hedgehog signaling  

摘要： Osteoporotic bone defects remain a major clinical challenge due to impaired osteogenesis, disrupted angiogenesis, and poor scaffold integration. To overcome these limitations, we developed hierarchical micro-/nanostructured hydroxyapatite (nwHA) scaffolds by integrating morphology-specific nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) onto whisker-reinforced hydroxyapatite (wHA) scaffolds. This modular strategy decouples mechanical strength from interfacial bioactivity, enabling programmable topographical control. Five distinct nHA morphologies were used to functionalize wHA scaffolds, which were systematically evaluated both in vitro and in osteoporotic rat models. Among them, nanofiber-coated scaffolds (nwHA1) significantly enhanced bone volume fraction, mineral apposition rate, mechanical strength, and neovascularization. Histological analysis identified three distinct ossification patterns—type I (wall-penetrating), type II (surface-appositional), and a hybrid endochondral–intramembranous mode—whose distribution varied with nHA morphology and the local microenvironment. Mechanistically, nwHA1 activated canonical Hedgehog signaling and upregulated HIF-1α in both MSCs and HUVECs, thereby promoting coordinated osteogenic and angiogenic responses. Pharmacological inhibition with cyclopamine, as well as siRNA-mediated knockdown of GLI1 or HIF-1α, significantly attenuated these pro-osteoangiogenic markers, confirming functional crosstalk between Hedgehog and hypoxia signaling pathways in response to scaffold-induced topographic cues. These findings establish nHA morphology as a critical topographical regulator of bone regeneration and provide a versatile platform for designing adaptive bioceramics tailored to osteoporotic bone repair.

关键词： Agriculture   DEMMIN   InSAR coherence   Phenology   Wheat   Sugar beet   Canola  

摘要： This study presents a novel framework for quantifying uncertainties and variabilities related to the monitoring of crop phenology via Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) time series at the field scale. Therefore, the study investigated multi-orbit, multi-feature time series derived from Sentinel-1 (S1) VV/VH polarizations. This multi-feature approach encompasses backscatter intensity, interferometric coherence and alpha/entropy decomposition features. Crop phenology tracking is crucial for assessing agricultural resilience under climate change, yet existing approaches face challenges due to uncertainties and variability in SAR signal interpretation as well as in situ data. Building on previous landscape-level analyses, this work introduces the concept of trackability, defined as the temporal range during which SAR-derived time-series metrics (TSM), such as breakpoints in backscatter intensity or interferometric coherence, align with key phenological stages (e.g., stem elongation in winter wheat). A growing degree day (GDD)-based normalization contextualizes field-specific deviations relative to landscape averages, enabling quantification of uncertainties inherent in both SAR signals and ground observations. The framework captures the spatio-temporally variable nature of crop development by estimating the first and last phenologically relevant TSM occurrence within a defined uncertainty window, thus providing relational and relative indicators of phenological tracking. This approach reduces dependencies of extensive in situ data and enhances comparability across studies with differing SAR processing methods and their acquisition geometries. Results reproduce known feature-stage relationships (e.g., tracking for stem elongation by interferometric coherence) and reveal inter-seasonal variability influenced by weather conditions and acquisition parameters. On average relevant TSM occurrences were found at approximately 90 % of GDD progression of in situ reported phenological

关键词： Pyridazine   N-aryl acetamide   Carbon steel corrosion   Electrochemical techniques   Surface analysis   Theoretical studies  

摘要： The present study explores the corrosion inhibition efficiency of two newly synthesized pyridazine N-aryl acetamide derivatives PDZ-PS2 (2-(4-(2-chlorobenzyl)-3-methyl-6-oxopyridazin-1(6H)-yl)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide) and PDZ-PS3 (2-(4-(2-chlorobenzyl)-3-methyl-6-oxopyridazin-1(6H)-yl)-N-phenylacetamide) on carbon steel in 1 M HCl solution. The structures of the two newly synthesized compounds were confirmed using NMR ¹³C, ¹H, IR and mass spectrometry analyses. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) analyses revealed a substantial increase in charge transfer resistance from 36.66 Ω cm² (blank) to 458.90 Ω cm² for PDZ-PS2 and 394.30 Ω cm² for PDZ-PS3 at 10⁻³ M, corresponding to inhibition efficiencies of 92.01% and 90.08%, respectively. The corrosion current density decreased markedly from 454.92 μA cm⁻² (blank) to 36.62 μA cm⁻² and 45.13 μA cm⁻² for PDZ-PS2 and PDZ-PS3, confirming mixed-type inhibition behaviour. Adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm, with high adsorption constants (K_ads = 2.97 × 10⁵ and 1.86 × 10⁵ M⁻¹) and negative free energies (ΔG°_ads = −41.20 and −40.04 kJ mol⁻¹), indicating a spontaneous adsorption process involving mixed physical and chemical interactions, with chemisorption contribution. SEM and EDS analyses confirmed the formation of a compact protective layer on the steel surface. Monte Carlo simulations showed strong adsorption on the Fe(110) surface, with high binding energies of 530.39 kJ mol⁻¹ for PDZ-PS2 and 551.97 kJ mol⁻¹ for PDZ-PS3, confirming strong inhibitor–surface interactions. Overall, PDZ-PS2 exhibited slightly superior performance, demonstrating the strong corrosion protection potentia

关键词： Hormone profiles   Postharvest storage   Solanum tuberosum L   Sprouting   Sugar profiles   Transcriptome   Transcription factors  

摘要： 1,4-Dimethylnaphthalene (DMN) is gaining popularity as a postharvest sprout suppressant for potato storage. We hypothesized that DMN treatment impact critical phytohormone regulations in a tissue specific manner to suppress sprout growth of potato tubers. This study investigated transcriptional and hormonal responses in cv. ‘Russet Burbank’ tubers subjected to single or multiple DMN treatments during long-term storage. Tuber sprout growth was monitored during storage, and primary and secondary meristems, as well as tuber flesh tissues were collected from DMN treated and untreated tubers at three-week intervals for molecular and phytohormone analyses. Multiple DMN treatments were most effective in suppressing sprout growth up to 18 weeks in storage. Molecular responses to DMN treatments were tissue specific. Treatment of tubers with DMN altered the levels of hormones and their precursors as lower content of active forms of gibberellic acid, cytokinin, and jasmonic acid were observed in meristem tissues particularly with multiple DMN treatments. Aligning with phytohormone analyses results, multiple DMN treatments also altered the abundance of transcripts associated with abscisic acid, gibberellin, cytokinin, auxin, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and ethylene biosynthesis and signaling. DMN treatment impacted transcription factor families including APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR, MYELOBLASTOSIS TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR, and BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX associated with dormancy maintenance. Results of this research elucidate multiple DMN applications are needed to suppress sprout growth during long-term storage, and the underlying molecular mechanisms of DMN involve tuber tissue specific alteration of phytohormone regulation related to dormancy maintenance.